Fig. 1

Perinatal LPS Exposure causes developmental delays and white matter injury in neonatal mice. A. Experimental timeline overview. B. Representative images of neonatal mice at P5 showing physical appearance after treatment with NS, 5 mg/kg, or 10 mg/kg LPS. C. Bar graph displaying body weight gain at different time points (P3, P5, and P12) relative to P2. Statistical analysis was performed using One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test or Kruskal‒Wallis test with Dunn post hoc test (P3-female: H = 27.3, P = 0.000; P3-male: F3,39 = 119.5, P = 0.000; P5-female: H = 23.8, P = 0.000; P5-male: H = 19.2, P = 0.000; P12-female: F3,39 = 13.6, P = 0.000; P12-male: F3,42 = 8.5, P = 0.000; n = 8–15/group, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, NS vs. LPS). D. Histogram showing the mortality ratio three days after LPS injection across groups (NS group, n = 29; 2.5 mg/kg LPS group, n = 59; 5 mg/kg LPS group, n = 83; 10 mg/kg LPS group, n = 80). E. Quantification of MBP-positive areas in the corpus callosum (CC) at P12 (Kruskal‒Wallis test with Dunn post hoc test: H = 25.8, P = 0.000, n = 9/group, P < 0.01, *P < 0.001, NS vs. LPS, #P < 0.05, 2.5 mg/kg LPS vs. 10 mg/kg LPS). F. Representative MBP-stained images of the CC at P12, showing myelin structure in the NS, 2.5 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, and 10 mg/kg LPS groups. Scale bars: 1 mm (middle column) and 100 μm (side column). G. Quantification of Iba-1-positive cells per unit area (mm²) in the brain 24 h post-LPS treatment (One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test: F3,14 = 7.6, P = 0.002; n = 4–5/group, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, NS vs. LPS). H. Representative Iba-1 staining (green) at 24 h after LPS treatment for different doses (NS, 5 mg/kg, and 10 mg/kg). Scale bars: 500 μm (left) and 100 μm (right)