Table 2 Molecular pathways in the regulation of breast cancer brain metastasis

ProNGF

ProNGF enhances the brain metastasis via upregulation of Src by targeting TrkA/EphA2 axis

[63]

BCRP

The breast tumor cells demonstrate increased vascular mimicry and upregulation of BCRP, causing resistance to doxorubicin and topotecan

[64]

LRRC31

Suppression of DNA repair to enhance the response to radiotherapy

[65]

miR-199b-5p

The secretion of miR-199b-5p from breast tumor celsl to mediate neurometabolic coupling in enhancing brain metastasis

[66]

Cdk5

Induction of Cdk5 by astrocytes to inhibit MHC-I expression in causing immune evasion and enhancing brain metastasis

[67]

circBCBM1

Enhancing the brain metastasis through sponging miR-125a in upregulating BRD4

[68]

YTHDF3

YTHDF3 upregulates ST6GALNAC5, GJA1, and EGFR, increasing brain metastasis

[69]

MMP3

Loss of Kmt2c or Kmt2d increases MMP3 level through KDM6A to promote brain metastasis

[70]