Fig. 5

The subcutaneous/mammary fat pad injection model. Cancer cells can be injected subcutaneously or into the mammary fat pad of rodents; LMD development can occur after resection of the flank tumor or after resection of the flank tumor and metastases, culturing of the metastasis cells, and subcutaneous/mammary fat pad injection of the cultured metastasis cells into different mice (A). Cancer cells injected subcutaneously may travel from tissue to blood, cross the blood-CSF barrier, and enter the CSF before seeding the leptomeninges; alternatively, cancer cells may be released into the bloodstream during resection of the subcutaneous tumor (B). Created in BioRender. Ahmed. (2025) https://BioRender.com/t09i860