Fig. 2
From: Beyond the brain: exploring the impact of animal models of leptomeningeal disease from solid tumors
The intra-CSF injection model. Cancer cells can be injected into the CSF of rodents via injection into the subarachnoid space or cisterna magna (A), injection into a catheter extending from the cervical spine to the lumbar spine (B), or injection into the lateral ventricle (C). Cancer cells can also be injected into the CSF of zebrafish embryos via injection into the fourth ventricle (D). Cancer cells injected into the CSF have no obvious barriers to seeding the leptomeninges (E). Created in BioRender. Ahmed, A. (2025) https://BioRender.com/i85y916