Fig. 3

Linear mixed-effects model estimates of baseline and longitudinal retinal thickness. PD patients were divided into tertiles according to their baseline central GCIPL thickness, and PD patients in the upper and lower tertiles were compared. The parameter estimates from linear mixed-effects models show the difference in thickness between the upper and lower tertiles at baseline (upper panels) and the rate of change over the 1-year follow-up period (lower panels). Significant p-values are indicated by asterisks (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001)

Abbreviations: GCIPL: ganglion cell–inner plexiform layer complex; INL, inner nuclear layer; PD, Parkinson’s disease