Personalising glioblastoma medicine: explant organoid applications, challenges and future perspectives

Table 1 3D brain cancer model systems

	Year	Author	Material	Methodology	Tumour model	Generation time	TME
Traditional 3D culture	2016	Hubert et al. [59]	patient-derived GSCs	Tumour pieces/cells embedded in matrigel	GBM	> 2 months	No
	2019	Frisira et al. [65]	Patient-derived GSCs	Tumour cells embedded in matrigel, followed by orbital shaker	MB	4 weeks	No
	2020	Jacob et al. [60]	GBM tumour pieces	3D culture on orbital shaker, no ECM/EGF/bEGF	GBM	1–2 weeks	Yes
	2020	Loong et al. [66]	Patient-derived GSCs	Tumour cells embedded in matrigel	GBM	10 days	No
	2022	Chen et al. [67]	GBM tumour pieces	3D culture on orbital shaker	GBM	1–2 weeks	Yes
	2022	LeBlanc et al. [23]	GBM tumour pieces	Tumour pieces embedded in matrigel	GBM	17–55 days	Yes
	2022	Shekarian et al. [64]	GBM tumour pieces	Perfusion bioreactor	GBM	1–2 weeks	Yes
	2022	Morelli et al. [58]	GBM tumour pieces	Tumour pieces embedded in matrigel	GBM	3 days	Yes
	2022	Abdullah et al. [68]	LGG tumour pieces	3D culture on an orbital shaker, no ECM/EGF/bEGF	LGG	1–2 weeks	Yes
	2022	Sundar et al. [69]	Patient-derived GSCs	Tumour cells embedded in matrigel	Paediatric HGG	1 week	No
	2023	Lago et al. [70]	Tumour pieces	3D culture on an orbital shaker, EGF + FGF-2	EPN MB LGG	1–2 weeks	Yes
	2023	Verduin et al. [71]	GBM tumour pieces	Tumour cells embedded in matrigel	GBM	> 2 months	No

ISSN: 2051-5960