Fig. 1

Illustration of the diverse pathological phenotypes of pTDP-43. Neuronal pTDP-43⁺ cytoplasmic inclusions (A), intranuclear inclusions (B), and dystrophic neurites (C) were commonly seen in LATE-NC cases. Distinct from these forms are Lin body-associated pTDP-43⁺ microvasculopathies. Using double chromogenic immunohistochemistry, which employs CD34 staining (black) to delineate vessels and pTDP-43 (red), the figure demonstrates multilobular doublet inclusions attached to the basal layer of the vascular space (D). It also shows multilobular pTDP-43⁺ inclusions, with one lobe adhering to the vascular structure and the other lobes extending outward (E). Additionally, single lobule inclusions are presented, which may occur with or without associated skein-like inclusions (H), indicated by an arrowhead and an arrow, respectively. The scale bar indicates 25 μm in length