Fig. 2

Retinal peri-venular and peri-arteriolar amyloid plaque distribution. A–B Representative retinal fluorescent fundus image illustrating retinal curcumin-positive amyloid hyperfluorescent plaques in the left eye supero-temporal quadrant (A, magnification B). Illustration of the primary, secondary, and tertiary retinal venular (C) and arteriolar (D) branches. Magnifications of the peri-venular (C’) and peri-arteriolar (D’) area used for the amyloid plaque (AP) quantification; boundary zone delineated by dotted lines producing a perivascular area of one equivalent vessel diameter on either side. E Quantitative analysis of retinal perivascular area stratified by venules (V) and arterioles (A) showing no significant difference between the total area for each vessel type in the analyzed supero-temporal region. F–J Quantitative analyses of retinal perivascular AP count stratified by V versus A in the total branches (F), in females (G), males (H), individuals with normal cognition (I) and impaired cognition (J). Individual data points are shown. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001 by paired two-tailed Student’s t test. NC, Normal cognition; IC, Impaired cognition; 1°V, primary venular branch; 2°V, secondary venular branch; 3°V tertiary venular branch; 1°A, primary arteriolar branch, 2°A, secondary arteriolar branch; 3°A, tertiary arteriolar branches. Color code vessel type: blue—peri-venular; red—peri-arteriolar